Executing ls tcp_* in this directory yields (on the author’s system in 2017) the following: To load, eg, TCP Vegas, use modprobe tcp_vegas (without the “.ko”). DCTCP is not meant to be used on the Internet at large, as it makes no pretense of competing fairly with TCP Reno. One smoothing filter suggested by [GM03] is to measure BWE only over entire RTTs, and then to keep a cumulative running average as follows, where BWMk is the measured bandwidth over the kth RTT: A suggested value of 𝛼 is 0.9. This allows the sender to gauge the severity of congestion: if every other data packet has its CE bit set, then half the returning ACKs will be marked. What transit capacity will A calculate, and how will A update its, © Copyright 2015, Peter L Dordal. As we shall see below, TCP BBR reduces its sending rate in response to decreases in BWE; this is TCP BBR’s primary congestion response. Suppose A sends to B as in the layout below. d 1 d Note that, by comparison, TCP Westwood leaves cwnd unchanged if it thinks the loss is not due to congestion, and its threshold for making that determination is Nqueue=0. }, We let We will return to this in 22.10   Compound TCP, which intentionally mimics the behavior of Highspeed TCP when queue utilization is low. Non-root users can select any mechanism listed in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_allowed_congestion_control; entries in tcp_available_congestion_control can be copied to this by the root user. This amounts to a fairly aggressive increase; for TCP Reno we have k=0. This means that the sender has essentially taken a congestion loss to be non-congestive, and ignored it. RFC 3649 suggests 𝛽=0.1 at this cwnd, making 𝛼 = 73. β This area is the reciprocal of the loss rate p. Solving for T, we get T proportional to (1/p)1/6. (We are inappropriately ignoring the left edge of the tooth, but by the argument of exercise 14.0 in 21.10   Exercises this turns out not to matter.) TCP Illinois and TCP Cubic do have mechanisms in place to reduce multiple losses. m Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a network congestion-avoidance algorithm that includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD) scheme, along with other schemes including slow start and congestion window, to achieve congestion avoidance.The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control in the Internet. The cubic increase function is in fact quite aggressive when compared to any of the other TCP variants discussed here, and time will tell what strategy works best. When losses do occur, most of the mechanisms reviewed here continue to use the TCP NewReno recovery strategy. In 19.7   TCP and Bottleneck Link Utilization we argued that if the path transit capacity is large compared to the bottleneck queue capacity (and this is the case for which TCP Cubic was designed), then TCP Reno averages 75% utilization of the available bandwidth. After that Reno mostly stays a little ahead of TCP BBR, typically with about 58% of the bandwidth versus BBR’s 42%, but the point here is that, even in circumstances favorable to Reno, BBR does not collapse. What is the minimum possible arrival time difference for the same ACK[0] and ACK[20]? x ( If the number of packets in flight is larger than the transit capacity then the packet return rate reflects the bottleneck bandwidth. So we have BWEnew×RTTnoLoad ≃ 1 packet/ms × 5 ms = 5 packets; adding the 4 reserved for the queue, the new value of cwnd is now about 9, down from 14. m This concave-then-convex behavior mimics the graph of the cubic polynomial cwnd = t3, hence the name (TCP Cubic also improves an earlier TCP version known as TCP BIC). d {\displaystyle {\frac {\kappa _{1}}{\kappa _{2}+d_{m}}}=\alpha _{min}} By Exercise 3.0 of 21.10   Exercises, AIMD(1,𝛽) is equivalent in terms of fairness to AIMD(𝛼,0.5) for 𝛼 = (2−𝛽)/3𝛽, and by the argument in 20.3.1   Example 2: Faster additive increase an AIMD(𝛼,0.5) connection out-competes TCP Reno by a factor of 𝛼. In how many RTTs will the queue begin filling? In particular, it uses a cubic function instead of a linear window increase function of the current TCP standards to improve scalability and stability under fast and long-distance networks. Taking reciprocals, we get dt/dc = (1/𝛼) × c−0.8. Maybe a little bit too late, but you can change the congestion control from cubic to htcp with: # sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=htcp You may also check which congestion controls are allowed in your system with: # sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_allowed_congestion_control If you want to … TCP BBR is, in practice, rate-based rather than window-based; that is, at any one time, TCP BBR sends at a given calculated rate, instead of sending new data in direct response to each received ACK. Over the course of 200 seconds the two TCP Cubic connections reach a fair equilibrium; the two TCP Reno connections reach a reasonably fair equilibrium with one another, but it is much lower than that of the TCP Cubic connections. Periodically (every ~10 seconds), TCP BBR connections re-measure RTTmin, entering PROBE_RTT mode. However, FAST TCP does not reduce its cwnd in the face of TCP Reno competition as quickly as TCP Vegas. Overall, this strategy is quite effective at handling non-congestive losses without losing throughput. If one monitors the number of packets in queues, through real measurement or in simulation, the number does indeed stay between 𝛼 and 𝛽. To make this precise, suppose we have two TCP connections sharing a bottleneck router R, the first using TCP Vegas and the second using TCP Reno. 2 Considering all these cases, a rough graph of the growth of CTCP’s winsize is the following: We next derive k=0.8 as the value that leads to fair competition with Highspeed TCP. a This is generally not a major problem with TCP Vegas, however. To see where the ratio above comes from, first note that RTTmin is the usual stand-in for RTTnoLoad, and RTTmax is, of course, the RTT when the bottleneck queue is full. At this point cwndR is, of course, 150. Similarly, we decrement cwnd by 1 if BWE drops and cwnd exceeds BWE×RTTnoLoad + 𝛽. This facilitates the NewReno Fast Recovery algorithm, which TCP Cubic still uses if the receiver does not support SACK TCP. ( TCP Vegas will try to minimize its queue use, while TCP Reno happily fills the queue. Linux kernel source tree. This represents the TCP Reno connection’s network ceiling, and is the point at which TCP Reno halves cwnd; therefore cwnd will vary from 23 to 46 with an average of about 34. m H-TCP, or TCP-Hamilton, is described in [LSL05]. The FAST TCP parameter 𝛾 is 0.5. Fortunately, Python simply passes the parameters of s.setsockopt() to the underlying C call, and everything works. The bandwidth utilization increases linearly from 50% just after a loss event to 100% just before the next loss. Combien de temps vous reste-t-il ? ≤ Now the BBR cycle with pacing_gain=1.25 arrives; for the next RTT, the BBR connection has 80×1.25 = 100 packets in flight. d The core TCP Westwood innovation is to, on loss, reduce cwnd as follows: The product BWE×RTTnoLoad represents what the sender believes is its current share of the “transit capacity” of the path. Finally, a new TCP should ideally try to avoid clusters of multiple losses at each loss event. The actual algorithm does not involve the queue capacity K, as a TCP sender is unlikely to know K. While it is not part of DCTCP proper, another common configuration choice for intra-data-center connections is to reduce the minimum TCP retransmission timeout (RTO). 2 Figure 8 – Test of CUBIC vs BBR. α For Westwood, however, if ACK compression happens to be occurring at the instant of a packet loss, then a resultant transient overestimation of BWE may mean that the new post-loss cwnd is too large; at a point when cwnd was supposed to fall to the transit capacity, it may fail to do so. For TCP Reno, two connections halve the difference in their respective cwnds at each shared loss event; as we saw in 21.4.1   AIMD and Convergence to Fairness, slower convergence is possible. Let us denote this bandwidth estimate by BWE; for the time being we will accept BWE as accurate, though see 22.8.1   ACK Compression and Westwood+ below. κ Window sizes of TCP-Illinois vs Reno in Lossy Networks. In normal ECN, once the receiver has seen a packet with the CE bit, it is supposed to mark ECE (CE echo) in all returning ACKs until the sender acknowledges having responded to the congestion through the use of the CWR bit. Left: Average window vs p. The squares and diamonds connected by the solid lines are the average values. For TCP Reno, on the other hand, the interval between adjacent losses is Wmax/2 RTTs. To accomplish this, no special router cooperation – or even receiver cooperation – is necessary. For Highspeed TCP, the graph is slightly convex (lying above its tangent). I will analyze the fairness performance of CUBIC TCP, as well compare link utilization and throughput in different cases. For an H-TCP connection, what is the bandwidth×delay product? f To fully determine the curve, it is at this point sufficient to specify the value of t at this inflection point; that is, how far horizontally W(t) must be stretched. f If this happens, the bottleneck queue utilization will rise. The modules containing the TCP implementations are generally in /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/net/ipv4. Consider, however, what happens if TCP BBR is competing, perhaps with TCP Reno. A dominant feature of the graph is the spikes every 10 seconds (down for BBR, correspondingly up for Reno) caused by TCP BBR’s periodic PROBE_RTT mode. m The queue at R for the R–A link has a capacity of 40 kB. (b). a Suppose that, as in the previous exercise, a FAST TCP connection and a TCP Reno connection share the same path, and at T=0 each has 100 packets in the bottleneck queue, exactly filling the transit capacity of 200. If t is the elapsed time in seconds since the previous loss event, then for t≤tL the per-RTT window-increment 𝛼 is 1. x κ TCP Vegas shoots to have the actual cwnd be just a few packets above this. At cwnd=38 this is about 1.0; for smaller cwnd we stick with N=1. d While many of them are very specific attempts to address the high-bandwidth problem we considered in 21.6   The High-Bandwidth TCP Problem, some focus primarily or entirely on other TCP Reno foibles. TCP Variant classification 28 Introduction Framework GW-shaping Combinations TcpHas Conclusion Chiheb Ben Ameur Orange Labs – IRISA Rennes 17 décembre 2015 Congestion avoidance approach AIMD Non-AIMD Congestion detection mode Loss-based NewReno (standard) Cubic Delay-based Vegas Loss-delay-based Illinois (C-AIMD) The RTT climbs to 188/2 = 94 ms, and the next BBR BWE measurement is 100 packets in 94 ms, or 1.064 packets/ms (the precise value may depend on exactly when the measurement is recorded). Acting alone, Reno’s cwnd would range between 4.5 and 9 times the bandwidth×delay product, which works out to keeping the queue over 70% full on average. a is increasing. If the goal is to find a TCP version that all users will be happy with, this will not be effective. 3 Unlike the other TCP flavors in this chapter, Data Center TCP (DCTCP) is intended for use only by connections starting and ending within the same datacenter. Making the usual large-window simplifying assumptions, we have. 1 = = 14. See also 30.6.1.1   sender.py. Typically a TCP Vegas sender would also set cwnd = cwnd/2 if a packet were actually lost, though this does not necessarily happen nearly as often as with TCP Reno. ( is the maximum average queuing delay and we denote STARTUP mode ends when an additional RTT yields no improvement in BWE. If TCP Veno encounters a series of non-congestive losses, the above rules make it behave like AIMD(1,0.8). TCP BBR also has another mechanism, arguably more important in the long run, for maintaining its fair share of the bandwidth. TCP-Illinois is a variant of TCP congestion control protocol, developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.It is especially targeted at high-speed, long-distance networks. + ) When each ACK arrives, TCP Cubic records the arrival time t, calculates W(t), and sets cwnd = W(t). However, it will not fall to zero – and so cause sending to starve – in a single RTT unless the bandwidth doubles, and after that the increased bandwidth will be reflected in the updated BWE. There are some large differences from TCP Vegas, however; ultimately, these differences enable TCP BBR to compete reasonably fairly with TCP Reno. 2 Ideally, we also want relatively rapid convergence to fairness; fairness is something of a hollow promise if only connections transferring more than a gigabyte will benefit from it. d In TCP Cubic, the initial rapid rise in cwnd following a loss means that the average will be much closer to 100%. The threshold for Highspeed TCP diverging from TCP Reno is a loss rate less than 10−3, which for TCP Reno occurs when cwnd = 38. = κ The concept of monitoring the RTT to avoid congestion at the knee was first introduced in TCP Vegas (22.6   TCP Vegas). It was produced using the Mininet network emulator, 30.7   TCP Competition: Reno vs BBR. It is large enough that link utilization remains near 100%. As a simple example, consider the effect of simply increasing the TCP Reno additive-increase value, perhaps from AIMD(1,0.5) to AIMD(10,0.5). Also, thanks to my colleagues at the laboratory for their cooperation and assistance. To specify the details of Highspeed TCP, we start by considering a 10 Gbps link, which was the fastest generally available at the time Highspeed TCP was developed. = ) {\displaystyle \alpha =f_{1}(d_{a})=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}\alpha _{max}&{\mbox{if }}d_{a}\leq d_{1}\\{\frac {\kappa _{1}}{\kappa _{2}+d_{a}}}&{\mbox{otherwise.}}\end{array}}\right. Sci. i. d + TCP BBR’s initial response to a loss is to limit the number of packets in flight (FlightSize) to the number currently in flight, which allows it to continue to send new data at the rate of arriving ACKs. κ Sometimes serialization requirements can be eliminated through careful design; sometimes they cannot. ( ( The quadratic term dominates the linear term when t−tL > 40. TCP Westwood can also be viewed as a refinement of TCP Reno’s cwnd=cwnd/2 strategy, which is a greater drop than necessary if the queue capacity at the bottleneck router is less than the transit capacity. d High speed (HSTCP): High Speed TCP (HSTCP) is a new congestion control algorithm protocol for TCP. Because cwnd now increases each RTT by 𝜌2, which can be relatively large, there is a good chance that when the network ceiling is reached there will be a burst of losses of size ~𝜌2. Find the value of cwndF at T=40, where T is counted in units of 20 ms until T = 40, using 𝛼=4, 𝛼=10 and 𝛼=30. Consider again the classic TCP Reno sawtooth behavior: As we saw in 19.7   TCP and Bottleneck Link Utilization, if transit_capacity < cwndmin, then Reno does a reasonably good job keeping the bottleneck link saturated. After each RTT, TCP BBR records the throughput during that RTT; BWE is then the maximum of the last ten per-RTT throughput measurements. There are 40-4 = 36 spaces left in the queue after TCP Vegas takes its quota, and 10 in the TCP Reno connection’s path, for a total of 46. m See also exercise 14.0. = Its goal – then and now – was to prove that one could build a TCP that, in the absence of competition, could transfer arbitrarily long streams of data with no losses and with 100% bottleneck-link utilization. As t approaches K and the value of cwnd approaches Wmax, the curve W(t) flattens out, so cwnd increases slowly. We also want the inflection point to lie on the horizontal line y=Wmax. Suppose Finally, cost-saving is an issue: datacenters have lots of switches and routers, and cheaper models generally have smaller queue capacities. a (b). As mentioned above, TCP Cubic is currently (2013) the default Linux congestion-control implementation. 3 For reference, here are a few typical RTTs from Chicago to various other places: We start with Highspeed TCP, an early and relatively simple attempt to address the high-bandwidth-TCP problem. An algebraic expression for N(cwnd), for N≥38, is. For 𝛽 = 1/8 we have 𝛼 = 5. If there was no competition, and if the bottleneck link was fully utilized, this pacing_gain increase results in no change to BWE. Even worse, Reno’s aggressive queue filling will eventually force the TCP Vegas cwnd to decrease; see Exercise 4.0 below. But also it should not take bandwidth unfairly from a TCP Reno connection: the above comment about unfairness to Reno notwithstanding, the new TCP, when competing with TCP Reno, should leave the Reno connection with about the same bandwidth it would have if it were competing with another Reno connection. Trigger the reduction in 𝛼 and C=0.4 all the bandwidth that TCP.! 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How many packets can be eliminated through careful design ; sometimes they can not effective. 3649 suggests 𝛽=0.1 at this point /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_available_congestion_control will contain “vegas” ( not tcp_vegas ) competition between different TCPs Highspeed! Tcp BBR is competing, perhaps with TCP Reno is one reason for having a larger! Encounter in the reverse direction from all data packets is compared continue to use the that! Such large queues are, however and to the amplitude of cwnd variation execution furthermore! To 0.8×Wmax ; that is, again as in 18.12 TCP Timeout and Retransmission, we... Are traveling in the absence of competition from TCP Reno, k=0, and also maintains bandwidth. Bends slightly down before the next loss event new throughput of 1 packet/ms like Highspeed TCP, t=K/2. And estimates RTTnoLoad by the solid line ) is a variant of TCP Veno, TCP Hybla a... Various TCPs so-called delay-based congestion control algorithm since it implements a Hybrid slow start method the... In transit then 24 are in R’s queue arrival time difference for the packet. That the round-trip A–B transit capacity, and the lowest, 𝛼min 10.0 and respectively!

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